IMPORTANT AMENDMENT 93rd Amendment Act,2005

 Ninety Third Amendment Act, 2005

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Empowered the state to make special provisions for the socially and educationally backward classes or the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes in educational institutions including private educational institutions (whether aided or unaided by the state), except the minority educational institutions (clause (5) in Article 15).

 ◦ This Amendment was enacted to nullify the Supreme Court judgement in the Inamdar case (2005) where the apex court ruled that the state cannot impose its reservation policy on minority and non-minority unaided private colleges, including professional colleges. The court declared that reservation in private, unaided educational institutions was unconstitutional.

Ninety Sixth Amendment Act, 2011

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Substituted “Odia” for “Oriya”. Consequently, the “Oriya” language in the Eighth Schedule shall be pronounced as “Odia”.

 ▪ Ninety Seventh Amendment Act, 2011

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Gave constitutional status and protection to cooperative societies. It made the following three changes in the constitution:

 • It made the right to form co-operative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).

 • It included a new Directive Principle of State Policy on the promotion of co-operative societies.

 • It added a new Part IX-B in the constitution which is entitled “The Co-operative societies”.

Ninety Ninth Amendment Act 2014

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Replaced the collegium system of appointing judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts with a new body called the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC).

 ◦ However, in 2015, the Supreme Court declared this Amendment Act as unconstitutional and void. Consequently, the earlier collegium system became operative again

One Hundredth Amendment Act, 2014

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Gave effect to the acquiring of certain territories by India and transfer of certain other territories to Bangladesh (through the exchange of enclaves and retention of adverse possessions) in pursuance of the Land Boundary Agreement of 1974 and its Protocol of 2011.

 ◦ For this purpose, this amendment act amended the provisions relating to the territories of four states (Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya and Tripura) in the First Schedule of the Constitution.

One Hundred and First Amendment Act, 2017

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax

 ◦ Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) used in India on the supply of goods and services. It is a comprehensive, multistage, destination-based tax: comprehensive because it has subsumed almost all the indirect taxes except a few state taxes.

One Hundred and Second Amendment Act, 2018

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ Constitutional status was provided to the National Commission for Backward Classes under India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

 ◦ Article 338B into the Constitution after Articles 338 and 338A which deal with the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (SC) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (ST) respectively.

One Hundred Third Amendment Act, 2019

 ▪ Amendments:

 ◦ It introduced reservations for Economic Weaker Section for the first time in independent India

 ◦ Amendment in Article 16 allows a 10% reservation to EWS in public employment.

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The Ring of Fire/'रिंग ऑफ फायर’ 🌋

The Ring of Fire (also known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Rim of Fire, the Girdle of Fire or the Circum-Pacific belt) is a region around much of the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped belt about 40,000 km (25,000 mi) long and up to about 500 km (310 mi) wide.

रिंग ऑफ फायर’ 

‘ज्वालावृत्त’ या ‘रिंग ऑफ फायर’ में 450 से अधिक ज्वालामुखी शामिल हैं; जिसमे विश्व के चार सर्वाधिक सक्रिय ज्वालामुखियों में से तीन – संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में माउंट सेंट हेलेंस, जापान में माउंट फ़ूजी और फिलीपींस में माउंट पिनातुबो शामिल हैं। इसे कभी-कभी ‘परि-प्रशांत मेखला’ (Circum-Pacific Belt) भी कहा जाता है।

विश्व के लगभग 90% भूकंप, और 80% सबसे बड़े भूकंप ‘रिंग ऑफ फायर’ क्षेत्र में आते हैं।

‘रिंग ऑफ फायर’ या ‘ज्वालावृत्त’, प्रशांत महासागर की तटीय रेखा के साथ फैला हुआ है। इस तटीय क्षेत्र में प्रशांत प्लेट, भू-पर्पटी की अन्य छोटी टेक्टोनिक प्लेटों जैसे, फिलीपीन सागर प्लेट तथा प्रशांत महासागर के किनारे पर स्थित कोकोस और नाज़का प्लेटों के साथ घर्षण करती है।

घोड़े की नाल के आकार का 40,000 किलोमीटर लंबा ‘रिंग ऑफ फायर’ न्यूजीलैंड से लेकर, एशिया और अमेरिका के तटों से होकर गुजरता हुआ चिली तक फैला हुआ है।

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विशेष श्रेणी राज्य का दर्जा’ क्या है?(POLITY)

 

विशेष श्रेणी राज्य का दर्जा’ क्या है?

संविधान में किसी राज्य को ‘विशेष श्रेणी राज्य का दर्जा’ (Special Category Status – SCS) देने से संबंधित कोई प्रावधान नहीं है; केंद्र सरकार द्वारा अन्य राज्यों की तुलना में प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों वाले राज्यों को वित्तीय सहायता प्रदान की जाती है।

 • यह दर्जा, भौगोलिक और सामाजिक-आर्थिक पिछड़ेपन का सामना कर रहे राज्यों के विकास में सहायता हेतु केंद्र सरकार द्वारा किया गया एक वर्गीकरण है।

 • यह वर्गीकरण वर्ष 1969 में पांचवें वित्त आयोग की सिफारिशों के आधार पर किया गया था।

यह वर्गीकरण गाडगिल फार्मूले पर आधारित था, जिसमें विशेष श्रेणी के राज्य के दर्जे के लिये निम्नलिखित मानदंड निर्धारित किये गए थे:

 1 पहाड़ी क्षेत्र;

 2 कम जनसंख्या घनत्व और/या जनजातीय जनसंख्या का बड़ा हिस्सा;

 3 पड़ोसी देशों के साथ सीमाओं की सामरिक स्थिति;

 4 आर्थिक और बुनियादी अवसंरचना का पिछड़ापन; तथा

 5 राज्य वित्त की अव्यवहार्य प्रकृति।

‘विशेष श्रेणी राज्य का दर्जा’ प्राप्त करने के लिए 

 1 राज्य, खराब बुनियादी ढांचे के साथ आर्थिक रूप से पिछड़ा होना चाहिए।

 2 राज्यों को पहाड़ी और चुनौतीपूर्ण इलाकों में स्थित होना चाहिए।

 3 राज्यों का जनसंख्या घनत्व कम और जनजातीय आबादी अधिक होनी चाहिए।

 4 राज्य, रणनीतिक रूप से पड़ोसी देशों की सीमाओं के समीप स्थित होना चाहिए।

‘विशेष श्रेणी दर्जा’ वाले राज्य के लिये केंद्र प्रायोजित योजनाओं पर कुल व्यय का 90% केंद्रीय अनुदान के रूप में भुगतान किया जाता है, तथा शेष 10% भी शून्य प्रतिशत ब्याज पर ऋण के रूप में दिया जाता है।

14वें वित्त आयोग द्वारा पूर्वोत्तर और तीन पहाड़ी राज्यों को छोड़कर अन्य राज्यों के लिए ‘विशेष श्रेणी का दर्जा’ खत्म कर दिया गया है।

 • इसके स्थान पर, आयोग ने सुझाव दिया कि प्रत्येक राज्य के ‘संसाधन अंतर’ को ‘कर हस्तांतरण’ के माध्यम से भरा जाए, और केंद्र सरकार से कर राजस्व में राज्यों की हिस्सेदारी को 32% से बढ़ाकर 42% करने का आग्रह किया, जिसे वर्ष 2015 से लागू किया गया है।

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भारत की सभी पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं की सूची

 

भारत में पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं की शुरुआत जवाहर लाल नेहरु के समय में शुरू की गयी थी। भारत की पहली पंचवर्षीय योजना 1951 में शुरू की गई थी और 12वीं और अंतिम परियोजना 2017 में ख़त्म हो गयी थी।

आइये अब भारत की सभी पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं के बारे में महत्वपूर्ण परीक्षोपयोगी तथ्यों के बारे में जानते हैं।

 

पहली पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1951 से 1956 तक थी। ii. यह योजना हैरोड-डोमर मॉडल पर आधारित थी। iii. इसका मुख्य ध्यान देश के कृषि विकास पर था। iv. यह योजना सफल रही और 3.6% की वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी।

 

दूसरी पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1956 से 1961 के बीच की थी। ii. यह योजना पी.सी. महालनोबिस मॉडल पर आधारित थी। iii. इसका मुख्य लक्ष्य देश के औद्योगिक विकास पर था। iv. यह योजना भी सफल रही और इसने 4.1% की वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी।

 

तीसरी पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1961 से 1966 के बीच की थी। ii. इस योजना को 'गाडगिल योजना' भी कहा जाता हैै। iii. इस योजना का मुख्य लक्ष्य अर्थव्यवस्था को गतिमान और आत्म निर्भर बनाना था। iv. चीन से युद्ध के कारण, यह योजना फेल हो गयी थी। इस योजना की वृद्धि दर का लक्ष्य 5.6% था लेकिन वास्तविक वृद्धि दर 2.4% रही थी।

 

योजना अवकाश

i. योजना अवकाश की समय अवधि 1966 से 1969 तक थी। ii. इन तीन सालों में कोई भी पंचवर्षीय योजना नहीं बनायी गयी बल्कि हर साल एक वर्षीय योजना बनायीं गयी थीं और हर योजना में कृषि और सम्बद्ध क्षेत्रों के साथ-साथ उद्योग क्षेत्र को समान प्राथमिकता दी गई थी। iii. योजना अवकाश को बनाने के पीछे का कारण भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध और तीसरी पंचवर्षीय योजना की विफलता थी।

 

चौथी पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1969 से 1974 तक थी। ii. इस योजना के दो मुख्य उद्देश्य थे, पहला, स्थिरता के साथ विकास और दूसरा आत्म निर्भरता की स्थिति प्राप्त करना। iii. इस योजना के दौरान ही 1971 के चुनावों के दौरान इंदिरा गांधी द्वारा "गरीबी हटाओ" का नारा दिया गया था। iv. यह योजना असफल रही थी और 5.7% की विकास दर के लक्ष्य के मुकाबले केवल 3.3% की वृद्धि दर हासिल कर सकी थी।

 

पांचवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1974 से 1979 तक थी। ii. इस योजना में कृषि को सर्वोच्च प्राथमिकता दी गई थी, इसके बाद उद्योग और खानों को वरीयता दी गयी थी। iii. कुल मिलाकर यह योजना सफल रही थी जिसने 4.4% के लक्ष्य के मुकाबले 4.8% की वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी। iv. इस योजना का ड्राफ्ट ‘डी.पी. धर’ द्वारा तैयार किया गया था। नव निर्वाचित मोरारजी देसाई सरकार ने इस योजना को समय से पहले ही 1978 में समाप्त कर दिया था।

रोलिंग प्लान :- जब केंद्र में मोरारजी देसाई सरकार सत्ता में आयी तो उसने पांचवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना को 1978 में ही खत्म कर दिया था और इसके स्थान पर एक “वार्षिक प्लान” बना दिया था जिसे रोलिंग प्लान कहा गया था।

 

छठी पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1980 से 1985 तक थी। ii. इस योजना का मूल उद्देश्य गरीबी उन्मूलन और तकनीकी आत्मनिर्भरता प्राप्त करना था। iii. छठी पंचवर्षीय योजना ने भारत में आर्थिक उदारीकरण की शुरुआत की थी। मूल्य नियंत्रण समाप्त हो गए और राशन की दुकानें बंद कर दी गईं थी जिससे खाद्य कीमतों में वृद्धि हुई थी और देश में महंगाई ने अपने पैर पसारने शुरू कर दिए थे। इस प्रकार इस योजना के समय से नेहरु के समाजवाद का अंत हो गया था। iv. इसी योजना के समय से देश में फैमिली प्लानिंग की शुरुआत और नाबार्ड बैंक (1982) की स्थापना हुई थी। V. यह योजना बहुत सफल हुई थी. इसका विकास लक्ष्य 5.2% था लेकिन इसने 5.7% की वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी।

 

सातवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1985 से 1990 तक थी। ii. इस योजना के उद्देश्यों में आत्म निर्भर अर्थव्यवस्था की स्थापना और रोजगार के पर्याप्त अवसर पैदा करना शामिल था। iii. इस योजना में पहली बार निजी क्षेत्र को सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की तुलना में अधिक में प्राथमिकता मिली थी। iv. इसका विकास लक्ष्य 5.0% था लेकिन इसने 6.0% वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी। वार्षिक योजनाएं :- केंद्र में अस्थिर राजनीतिक स्थिति के कारण आठवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना समय पर शुरू नहीं हो सकी, इस कारण 1990-91 और 1991-92 में दो वार्षिक योजनायें बनायीं गयी थीं।

 

आठवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1992 से 1997 तक थी। ii. इस योजना में मानव संसाधन विकास जैसे रोजगार, शिक्षा और सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य के विकास को सर्वोच्च प्राथमिकता दी गई थी। iii. इस योजना के दौरान ही नरसिम्हा राव सरकार ने भारत की नयी आर्थिक नीति को मंजूरी दी थी। अर्थात देश में उदारीकरण, निजीकरण और वैश्वीकरण (एलपीजी मॉडल) की शुरुआत हुई थी। iv. यह योजना सफल रही थी और इसके विकास का लक्ष्य 5.6% रखा गया था लेकिन इस योजना ने 6.8% की वार्षिक वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी।

 

नौवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 1997 से 2002 तक थी। ii. इस योजना का मुख्य फोकस "न्याय और समानता के साथ विकास" पर था। iii. इसे भारत की आजादी के 50 वें वर्ष में लॉन्च किया गया था। iv. यह योजना अपने विकास लक्ष्य 7% की दर को प्राप्त करने में सफल नहीं रही थी और इसने केवल 5.6% की वृद्धि दर हासिल की थी।

 

दसवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 2002 से 2007 तक थी। ii. इस योजना का लक्ष्य अगले 10 वर्षों में भारत की प्रति व्यक्ति आय को दोगुना करना था। iii. इसका उद्देश्य 2012 तक गरीबी अनुपात को 15% कम करना था। iv. इस योजना में 8.0% विकास दर हासिल करने का लक्ष्य रखा गया था लेकिन वास्तव में केवल 7.2% की वृद्ध दर हासिल की जा सकी थी।

 

ग्यारहवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 2007 से 2012 तक थी। ii. यह योजना सी. रंगराजन द्वारा तैयार की गयी थी। iii. इसकी मुख्य थीम "तेज़ और अधिक समावेशी विकास" थी। iv. इस योजना में 8.1 % विकास दर हासिल करने का लक्ष्य रखा गया था लेकिन वास्तव में केवल 7.9% की वृद्ध दर हासिल की जा सकी थी।

 

बारहवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना

i. इस योजना की अवधि 2012 से 2017 तक थी। ii. यह योजना सी. रंगराजन द्वारा तैयार की गयी थी। iii. इसकी मुख्य थीम "तेज़, अधिक समावेशी और सतत विकास" थी। iv. इस योजना में 8 % विकास दर हासिल करने का लक्ष्य रखा गया था लेकिन वास्तव में केवल 6.8% की वृद्ध दर हासिल की जा सकी थी। बारहवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना के उद्देश्य :- 1. गैर कृषि क्षेत्र में 50 मिलियन नए काम के अवसर पैदा करना। 2. 0-3 साल के बच्चों के बीच कुपोषण को कम करना। 3. वर्ष 2017 तक सभी गांवों को बिजली उपलब्ध कराना। 4. ग्रामीण आबादी के 50% जनसँख्या को उचित पेयजल की सुविधा उपलब्ध कराना। 5. हर साल 1 मिलियन हेक्टेयर क्षेत्र में पेड़ लगाकर हरियाली फैलाना। 6. देश के 90% परिवारों को बैंकिंग सेवाओं से जोड़ना।

भारत में वर्तमान मोदी सरकार ने पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं वर्ष 2017 से बनाना बंद कर दिया है। इस प्रकार सोवियत रूस की नकल पर बनायीं जा रहीं पंचवर्षीय योजनाओं के माध्यम से देश की आर्थिक नियोजन प्रणाली को बंद कर दिया गया है और 12वीं पंचवर्षीय योजना भारत की अंतिम पंचवर्षीय योजना कही जाएगी।

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List Of Important Awards and Honours in September ,October & November 2020

 

November 2020

Awardee	Award
Dr Dinesh Katre	Emmett Leahy Award 2020
Paul Zacharia	Ezhuthachan Puraskaram 2020
Hariharan	JC Daniel Award for lifetime contribution to Malayalam Cinema
S Hareesh	JCB Prize in Literature for 2020
Azim Premji	Edelgive Hurun India Philanthropy List 2020
Ruskin Bond	Tata Literature Live Lifetime Achievement Award 2020
Dr K S Subramanian	Fertiliser Association of India (FAI) Golden Jubilee
Sadat Rahman	International Children’s Peace Prize 2020
Douglas Stuart	2020 Booker Prize for Fiction
Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank	Vatayan Lifetime Achievement Award
Naseeruddin Shah	2020 Aditya Vikram Birla Kala Shikhar Puraskar
Neel Choudhary and Irawati Karnik	2020 Aditya Vikram Birla Kalakiran Puraskar
Dr Bish Agrawal	2020 AESC (Association of Executive Search and Leadership Consultants) lifetime Achievement Award 2020

October 2020

Awardee	Award
Sanjay Singh	‘2020 Gandhi Award’
Ratan Tata	IACC (Indo-American Chamber of Commerce) lifetime and Global Excellence Award
Ales Bialiatsli (Belarus), Nasrin Sotoudeh (Iran), Bryan Stevenson (US) and Lottie Cunningham Wren (Nicaragua)	Right Livelihood Award 2020
Nityanand Nayak (Odia Poet)	Sarala Puraskar
Bank of Ghana	Central Bank of the Year Award 2020
Mark Carney	Governor of the year at Central Bank of the Year Award 2020
Aishwarya Sridhar	2020 Wildlife Photographer of the Year Award
Seema Gupta	17th annual Stevie Award for Women in Business
Dr Jajini Varghese	‘Outstanding Young Person of the World 2020’
Global Himalayan Expedition (GHE) of India	2020 UN Global Climate Action Award
Dr Satish Mishra	‘Dr. Tulsi Das Chugh Award 2020’ by National Academy of Medical Sciences
Late Actor Om Puri	Lifetime Achievement Award 2020 at 3rd India International Film Festival of Boston
Chef Vikas Khanna	‘Pride of India’, a special award at 3rd India International Film Festival of Boston

September 2020

Awardee	Award
Hyderabad International Airport or GMR led Rajiv Gandhi International Airport	‘National Energy Leader’ and ‘Excellent Energy Efficient Unit’ Awards at National Award for ‘Excellence in Energy Management’
Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd (Vizag Steel Plant)	‘Excellent Energy Efficient Unit’ award by Confederation of Indian industry and Godrej Green Business Centre
Aditya Puri	Lifetime Achievement Awards by Euromoney Awards for Excellence 2020
Chef Vikas Khanna	Asia Game Changer Award 2020
Margaret Atwood	2020 Dayton Literacy Peace Prize’s Lifetime Achievement
Prime Minister Narendra Modi	Ig Noble Prize 2020 for Medical Education
Gurpreet Singh Sandhu (Goalkeeper)	All India Football Federations Men’s Footballer of the Year 2019-20
Sanju Yadav (Midfielder)	All India Football Federations Women’s Footballer of the Year 2019-20
Usha Mangeshkar	Gan Samragni Lata Mangeshkar Award 2020-21
Sonu Sood	SDG Special Humanitarian Action Award

MOST IMPORTANT PHRASAL VERBS

MOST USEFUL PHRASAL VERBS

 💞Below are some of the most common phrasal verbs in the English language. I organized them alphabetically so they’re easy to find, but you can group them however you want when you’re learning them! 

Bring💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Bring up — To mention something. (Note: The two parts of this phrasal verb can be separated.) “Mark was sick and had to miss the party, so please don’t bring it up, I don’t want him to feel bad for missing it.” 

💞Bring on — To cause something to happen, usually something negative. (The two parts of this phrasal verb can be separated by what’s happening.) “His lung cancer was brought on by years of smoking.” 

💞Bring it on! — To accept a challenge with confidence. “You want to have a race? Bring it on! I can beat you!”

 🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Call💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Call on — This can mean either to visit someone, or to use someone’s or something’s knowledge. To visit someone: “I’ll call on you this evening to see how you’re feeling.” To use someone’s knowledge: “I may need to call on the university’s excellent professors in order to answer your question.” 

💞Call off — To cancel something. “The picnic was called off because of the rain.” 

Cheer💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Cheer on — To support someone by giving them words of encouragement. (Can be separated by the name or pronoun of the person/people being cheered on). “Even though Samantha was in the last place, her brother cheered her on through the entire race.” 

💞Cheer up — This phrase can either be used as a phrase of encouragement said to someone who seems sad (just saying “cheer up!” to them), or it can mean to try to make someone happier. “Andrew was having a bad day, so his girlfriend cheered him up by taking him out for ice cream.” 

Come💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Come up (with something) — To think of an idea. “I came up with this idea for a TV show about a woman living with her best friend and daughter. I call it ‘Two and a Half Women.’” 

💞Come up — To bring up a topic, or when something happens unexpectedly. To bring up a topic: “I wanted to tell her that I got a new job but the chance never came up.” Unexpected occurrence: “I was going to meet my friends for dinner, but something came up so I had to cancel.” 

💞Come in — To enter. “‘Come in, the door is open!’ said the grandmother to the wolf.” 

💞Come across — To meet or find by chance. “I was cleaning the attic and I came across my high school uniform. Can you believe it still fits?” 

💞Come forward — To volunteer information about something, like a crime. “The police are encouraging people to come forward with any information about the kidnapped girl.” 

Cut💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Cut off — This phrase can be used in several ways, but its general meaning is “to interrupt or stop something.” (Can be separated.) While driving, to get in front of another car suddenly: “That red car just cut me off and I almost crashed into it.” To stop supplying things to or communicating with someone: “His father is rich but he cut him off without any money of his own.” 

💞Cut (it) out — This phrase has the same meaning as saying “Stop it.” “Hey, cut it out! I was watching that movie, so stop changing the channel!” 

💞Cut in — To interrupt someone when they are speaking. “I was about to ask that girl on a date, but her friend cut in and I lost the chance.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Drop💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Drop by/in — To stop by for a visit, for a short time. “Andrew is such a great boyfriend, when he heard that his girlfriend had a cold he dropped by to bring her some soup.” 

💞Drop off — To leave something or someone in their destination. (Can be separated by the object being dropped off.) “I can give you a ride and drop you off at work.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Fall💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Fall apart — This phrase means “to break into pieces,” but it can be used to talk about things that are not physical, like a marriage or a person. “They tried to save their marriage by going to therapy but in the end if fell apart anyway.” 

💞Fall down — To drop to the ground, usually by accident. “My friend slipped on a banana peel and fell down. I thought that only happened in cartoons!” 

Fill💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Fill (someone) in — To give someone the details about something. (Is usually separated by the person getting filled in). “Quickly, let’s go! There’s no time to explain, I’ll fill you in on the way.” 

💞Fill up — To become completely full. “The little girl filled up on candy before dinner, and didn’t want to eat any of the chicken.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Get💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Get away — To escape. You may have heard the phrase “getaway car.” That’s the car used by criminals to run away from a crime scene, like a bank robbery. “Carmen’s neighbor tried to show her pictures of all her cats, but Carmen managed to get away.” 

💞Get around — To solve a problem by avoiding the main issue. This phrase can also be used very informally to refer to someone who has many sexual partners. As you can imagine, it’s not very nice to say that someone “gets around”! “Some people know all the different ways to get around tax laws.” 

💞Get along (with) — To have a friendly relationship with someone. “Some people are surprised that I get along with my mother-in-law really well!” 

💞Get up — To stand up, or to wake up. “I have so much trouble getting up in the morning that I have to set three alarms.” 

💞Get back to — To return to someone or something. This phrase is often used to say that you will return with an answer to a question or a request at a later time. “Derek’s coworker wasn’t sure what time the meeting was, so he said he’d get back to him with the time.” 

💞Get back at — To get revenge on someone. “Her ex-husband took her house so she got back at him by taking his dogs.” 

Give💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Give out — This phrase can mean to break down or stop working, or to hand out or distribute something. To stop working: “The city had to rebuild the bridge completely, because it was about to give out and fall down.” To distribute: “He has a lot of contacts because he gives out his business card to everyone he meets.” 

💞Give in — To surrender, especially in a fight or argument. “Ben’s mother gave in and let him stay out late with his friends.” 

💞Give away — To hand things out for free. (Can be separated by the item being given away.) “When Linda’s cat had kittens, she gave them all away to good homes.” 

💞Give up — To stop trying, surrender. “After two weeks of trying to build my own table, I gave up and just bought one.” 

Go💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Go out (with) — To go on a date with someone. “Sarah was so happy when Peter finally asked her to go out with him!” 

💞Go ahead — To go in front of someone, or to give permission to do or say something. “Go ahead, explain to me why there is a car on my roof.” 

Grow💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Grow up — To grow up, sometimes used to tell someone to stop acting childish. “Some people tell Steve he needs to grow up, but he loves acting like a child.” 

💞Grow apart — To get distant from someone, like a friend. “When my friend moved to a different country I tried to stay close with her, but we slowly grew apart.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Hang💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Hang on — To keep something. “When everyone else was getting fired, Paul managed to hang on to his job.” 

💞Hang out — To spend time with someone, casually. “My friends and I used to hang out in the park after school.” 

💞Hang up — To end a call on the phone, especially if it’s before the other person is ready. “I was in the middle of a sentence, and he hung up on me! How rude.” 

Hold💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Hold on — To hold something tightly. This phrase can also be a way of asking someone to wait for a moment. “You’d better hold on to your hat, it’s windy out there!” 

💞Hold back — To stop yourself from doing or saying something. “Amy has a great voice but whenever she’s singing in public she feels shy and holds back.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Log💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Log in (to) — Used with computers, this phrase means to sign into your account on a website or computer. “Don’t forget to log in to your FluentU account to learn English better and faster.” 

💞Log out/off — Also used with computers, this phrase means to sign out of your account. “You should always log out of your accounts when you use a public computer.” 

Look💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Look up — To check the meaning of something. (Can be separated by the item being looked up). “If you don’t know the meaning of a word, you should look it up in the dictionary.” 

💞Look out — To watch out for something. “Look out, there’s a baseball coming your way!” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Pay💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Pay back — To give someone back money that you owe them. (Can be separated by the person getting paid back.) When it’s written as one word, “payback” means revenge. “Thanks for getting me lunch when I forgot my wallet at home! I’ll pay you back tomorrow.” 

💞Pay for — This phrase can either mean to give someone money for a particular purpose (like paying for a new car), or to suffer because of something you did. “He’ll pay for all the problems he caused me by being late today!” 

Put💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Put out — This phrase can mean to extinguish a fire, or to irritate someone by asking them for a favor. (In the case of annoying someone, can be separated by the person getting annoyed.) Be aware that in very informal slang, this phrase has a more offensive meaning. To extinguish a fire: “The firefighters managed to put out the fire before it spread to other houses.” To irritate someone: “I’d ask you to make me dinner but I don’t want to put you out.” 

💞Put on — To get your clothes or makeup on. “Every morning she puts on her dress, lipstick, shoes and hat—in that order.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Take💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Take off — This phrase can mean to remove clothing, or to leave for a journey (i.e. planes take off when they begin their flights). “She was very happy when she finally got home and took off her shoes. They had been hurting her feet all day!” 

💞Take out — To remove something, like from a pocket or a bag. This phrase can also mean to take someone on a date. (Can be separated by the item or person being taken out.) The phrase can also mean to remove someone, as in by killing them—but this is probably not something you would need to use in everyday conversation! To remove something: “The children sat at their desks and took out their pens and paper.” To take someone on a date: “He took her out to the most expensive restaurant in the city.” 

Turn💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Turn on/off — To switch a machine or light on or off. “Turn off the light, I’m trying to sleep!” 

💞Turn around — To move so that you’re facing the opposite direction. “Sally was about to get on the plane, but she turned around when someone called her name.” 

💞Turn up — When someone that was lost is found unexpectedly. “Anything I lose usually turns up under the couch. It’s my cat’s favorite hiding place.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄 

Warm💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Warm up (to) — To start liking someone or something more as you spend more time with them, especially if you didn’t really like them in the beginning. “The new puppy was scared of my husband when we first got him, but he warmed up to him pretty quickly.” 

Work💞💞💞💞💞💞💞 

💞Work out — To exercise. “I try to work out every morning, by repeatedly lifting a heavy donut to my mouth.” 

💞Work (something) out — To come up with a solution or a compromise with someone. “Don’t worry, I’m sure we can work something out so that everyone is happy.” 

🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄🏄

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Important idioms

 ☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔

Below is a list of the most commonly used idioms about the weather in English: 

☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔☔ 

☔💞As right as rain: to feel fine and healthy. Don't worry about me, I'm as right as rain after my knee operation. 

☔💞Be a breeze: to be very easy to do. Our English exam was a breeze. I'm sure I'll get top marks. 

☔💞Be snowed under: to have so much to do that you are having trouble doing it all. I'm snowed under at work right now because two of my colleagues are on holiday. 

☔💞Break the ice: to say or do something to make someone feel relaxed or at ease in a social setting. He offered to get her a drink to help break the ice. 

☔💞Calm before the storm: the quiet, peaceful period before a moment of great activity or mayhem. The in-laws were about to arrive with their kids so she sat on the sofa with a cup of coffee enjoying the calm before the storm. 

☔💞Chase rainbows: when someone tries to do something that they will not achieve I think she's chasing rainbows if she thinks she can get into Oxford with her bad grades. 

☔💞Come rain or shine: you can depend on someone to be there no matter what or whatever the weather. I'll be there to help you move house come rain or shine. 

☔💞Every cloud has a silver lining: There is always something positive to come out of an unpleasant or difficult situation. I got laid off from work yesterday, but every cloud has a silver lining and now I can spend more time writing my book. 

☔💞Fair-weather friend: a person who is only your friend during good times or when things are going well for you but disappears when things become difficult or you have problems. She was a fair-weather friend because she wasn't interested in me once I had lost my job. 

☔💞Get wind of: to learn or hear of something that should be a secret. He got wind of the closure of the company so started looking for a new job immediately. 

☔💞Have your head in the clouds: to be out of touch of reality. Your ideas may not be sensible or practical. He has his head in the clouds if he seriously thinks he's going to get a promotion soon. 

☔💞It never rains but it pours: when things don't just go wrong but very wrong and other bad things happen too. First he lost his keys to the house, then his wallet and then his car broke down. It never rains but it pours. 

☔💞It's raining cats and dogs: it's raining very hard. Take you umbrella and a jacket because it's raining cats and dogs outside. 

☔💞Put on ice: to postpone for another day. The project has been put on ice until our boss decides what to do next. 

☔💞Ray of hope: there is a chance that something positive will happen. There is a ray of hope after all, it looks like we won't be losing our jobs. 

☔💞Save for a rainy day: to save for the future when it might suddenly be needed (unexpectedly). Don't spend your entire wage in one night. You should save for a rainy day. 

☔💞Steal my thunder: when someone takes attention away from someone else. Don't wear that dress to the wedding; the bride won't like it because you'll be stealing her thunder. 

☔💞Storm in a teacup: when someone makes a small problem larger than it really is. Those two are always arguing about something, it's just a storm in a teacup. 

☔💞Storm is brewing: indication that something is about to become bad or explode You could tell by the looks on their faces that a storm was brewing. 

☔💞Take a rain check: decline something now but offer to do it at a later date. Thanks for inviting me to dinner but I can't this week. Can I take a rain check on that? 

☔💞Throw caution to the wind: to go crazy and forget all responsibilities or commitments. They threw caution to the wind and quit their jobs in the heat of the moment. 

☔💞Under the weather: you are not feeling well Paul isn't coming with us because he feels a little under the weather.

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